Thus when two persons have the same symptoms of a sickness on the CDC list, if one tests HIV antibody positive the sickness is called AIDS, and if the other person tests HIV antibody negative, then the sickness is given its ordinary name. In this way, the definition obstructs dealing with the question whether the virus called HIV is a cause of any disease, and biases correlations. Some medical practitioners or scientists follow the CDC definition and some do not. Usually articles (scientific or simply journalistic) do not specify what AIDS-definition they use. I have never seen a newspaper give a definition. The implicit newspaper definition, which can be extracted from the context, is that a person has HIV and will be dead in 10 years.

HHS and NIAID contribute to the incoherent mess by not even following the official CDC definition. For instance the HHS Surveillance Report [HHS 96] has a boxed item:

Thus they omit the cancer type diseases in the CDC list, e.g. Kaposi's sarcoma, which may not involve immunodeficiency. I wrote to CDC Director David Satcher to point out the incompatibility. A Dr. Ward answered me that the boxed "statement is not, nor was it meant to be, a proxy or substitute for the CDC definition of AIDS..." I replied by pointing to a [NIAID] "FACT SHEET" which states:

Thus the wheels at HHS, CDC, NIAID give no evidence that they can tell a fact from a hole in the ground.

In Africa, the official definition of "AIDS" is the Bangui definition, arising from a conference held there in 1985, sponsored by the WHO (World Health Organization) [WHO 86], [WHO 99]. It is based on certain clinical symptoms, it does not involve HIV, and it was officially approved by the WHO. Cf. the 12 references given in [DueKR 03], p. 386, about this situation, and the conclusion: "Indeed, all available data are compatible with an old African epidemic of malnutrition and poverty-associated diseases under a new name."

One risk group is usually called the homosexual risk group, thereby prejudicing the situation illegitimately. Actually, in a subgroup of male homosexuals, heavy use of drugs, especially "poppers" (whose technical name is amyl nitrite) to reinforce sexual pleasure, has been suggested as the cause of the increase of AIDS defining diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma in this population. In England, poppers were declared illegal in 1996, because of their link (correlation) with Kaposi's sarcoma.

The time period and cumulative effect of certain drugs may also be factors involved in the causation, see §6 (my second letter to Jewell). The situation may be similar to prolonged use or abuse of alcohol causing cirrhosis of the liver, or smoking causing lung cancer. But correlation does not always imply causality, as we can see from this analogy. The correlation of lung cancer and heavy smoking is essentially the same as lung cancer and yellow fingers, but yellow fingers do not cause lung cancer. One question is whether HIV is a "yellow finger".

The drug hypothesis (that HIV is not pathogenic, and diseases in the West attributed to HIV are caused by drug use) has been taken up by Duesberg and others as in the paper with Kohnlein and Rasnick [DueKR 03] and the publication "Reappraising AIDS" by The Group for the Reappraisal of AIDS.

As to the toxic effect of anti-HIV drugs, I bring up significant references. One of them is John Lauritsen's book Poison by Prescription: The AZT Story [Laur 90]. Another consists of articles published in the gay-interest British journal Continuum by German and Swiss doctors. I quote from these articles.

Most of the above issue of Continuum is devoted to articles which present analyses from points of view independent of the orthodoxy.

The second reference which I mention concerning the toxicity of anti HIV drugs comes from the New Scientist in London [NS 00] p. 7. The article starts:

A caption under a photograph accompanying the article states: "About turn: campaigns urging more funds for antivirals to treat HIV are being overtaken by fears over the drugs' toxicity". Thus the American biomedical establishment was beginning to take note of a position taken long before by Duesberg. Cf. also [DueKR 03].

Despite this evolution, four years later an Associated Press article ([Sol 04], 13 December 2004) started as follows:

The AP article goes on for five pages, and parts of it made it in the press at large, for example the websites of USA Today, CBS "Officials Hid AIDS Drug Dangers", ABC News, on 13 December 2004. The bay area's newspaper San Francisco Chronicle had a sequence of articles [SFC 04c-g], starting on 14 December on an inside page (the front page was busy with a murder trial): "U.S. officials were warned of risk posed by Aids drug."

Readers can compare the above with the documentation I provide above and below, for instance the African National Congress admonition against ex-President Carter ([ANC 02], see the end of §5), and the ANC protest "Nevirapine, drugs & African guinea pigs" [ANC 04] after the AP-Solomon report. See also "U.S. accused of Aids drug conspiracy" [SFC 04g], [Far 04]; and circling the wagons in Nature and the New York Times [Ceck 04], [McN 04].

Draw your own conclusions.

Three years later, we have the Roederer article in Nature Medicine [Roe 98], addressing especially the Ho et al and Wei et al articles which promoted the orthodox position about the "war" between HIV and T-cells, purporting to show how HIV demolishes the immune system. Roederer writes that the Ho et al and Wei et al articles

However, Roederer follows this up with an analysis containing the "nails in the coffin" sentence:

For completeness, I note that at the end of his article, Roederer maintains HIV pathogenesis, when he asserts:

No evidence is given for attributing this kind of pathogenesis to HIV. And besides, which definition of AIDS is Roederer using? Is a case of Kaposi's sarcoma "AIDS" according to Roederer, even when no immunodeficiency is present? In Roederer's expression "this disease", what is the justification for the implied claim of a well-defined single disease rather than a collection of diseases which are given the same name "AIDS"?

On the other hand, the San Francisco Chronicle (1 July 2004, p. A7) had an article starting:

The article in the Chronicle might be OK if it made more precise what was meant by "HIV" and "AIDS". With these undefined terms, it is partly tendentious and confused. For one thing, what is meant by "AIDS", e.g. in the sentence from the article reading: "The women were followed for about six years. Eighteen of the 271 women who took multivitamins or 7 percent, developed AIDS, compared with 31 of the 267 women, or 12 percent, who took a dummy pill." The Bangui definition does not use HIV presence in its definition of "AIDS", whereas the CDC definition does. What the above study found to be AIDS is compatible with malnutrition as a cause of disease in part of the group studied, the label "AIDS" being added in a way which may be challenged as above. On the other hand, getting Kaposi's sarcoma is compatible with having taken poppers for a decade. What do the two have in common, besides being called "AIDS", illegitimately I claim, in light of the evidence?

Malan wrote a similar article for The Spectator 27 December 2003, under the heading:

Concerning computer generated estimates by UNAIDS and the WHO, Malan wrote:

Malan goes on documenting the contradictions with empirical data. He concludes:

The San Francisco Chronicle published a shorter version of the Malan Rolling Stone piece on 6 January 2002. However, some three years later (24 November 2004, p. A3) the Chronicle became a conduit for the exaggerated figures of UNAIDS and the WHO, when they published an article headlined:

Thus the headline makes it appear that actually 3 million people have died of HIV/AIDS in 2004. However, the article itself states:

There we behold the way journalism reinforces the propagandistic character of UNAIDS estimates, because the 3 million figure is not one of actual deaths in 2004, but is only an estimate, similar to those criticized by Malan. Thus the headline is a misrepresentation, passing off a computer-generated estimate for the future as a fact. Thus does the SF Chronicle contribute to conditioning people for the orthodoxy. Did the author of this SF Chronicle article read the Malan articles, in Rolling Stone or in the briefer version published by the Chronicle itself? Can the author of the Chronicle's current article, or the editors who might have written the headline, tell the difference between a fact, an opinion, a hypothesis, a computer estimate, and a hole in the ground?

More systematically, in [DueKR] p. 385, the authors point out that during the so-called AIDS epidemic (1988-2000), the sub-Saharan African population has grown by 274 million people. Hence the WHO's purportedly statistical figure of about 1 million cases of AIDS over this period "is statistically hard, if not impossible to verify - unless the African AIDS diseases were highly distinctive...".

In §2 we have seen the newly triggered action by the AP (John Solomon) concerning the toxicity of Nevirapine and the compounded African protest [ANC 04]. In §3 we have seen how some African diseases called AIDS might more appropriately have been attributed to malnutrition. More effective help might have been given than sending $15 billion worth of toxic drugs to Africa, as President Bush promised in 2004.

It is appropriate here to mention articles by Helen Lauer (a lecturer at the University of Ghana, Legon) on HIV/AIDS, going against the orthodoxy, and published in the African magazine The Statesman [Lau 03], [Lau 04a], and the various articles on "HIV/AIDS" in the book History and Philosophy of Science for African Undergraduates [Lau 04b].

For a concrete example of the University and Corporate Biotechnology, I refer to my confrontation with the Yale Scientific in 2001-2002, about an article of theirs reporting that "...the Yale administration encouraged Bristol-Myers Squibb to make the drug d4T [an anti-HIV drug developed at Yale] widely available to African communities who otherwise would never have seen these drugs." I submitted some comments for publication in the Yale Scientific, pointing out among other things that d4T is among those drugs which have life-threatening toxicities, and were the subject of the change in HHS guidelines in 2001 (the "humiliating U-turn" mentioned in §2 above). The Yale Scientific refused publication of my comments. The editors also expressed publicly their disagreement with the previous editorial decision to publish my 1999 article [Lan 99], when the editor in chief wrote to Helen Lauer (7-8 March 2002): "The magazine management in 1999 may have had a different opinion, but it is the current management that must act! [sic] in the best interest of YSM as we deal with the issues stemming from Lang's article."

I sent to Jewell my 1-inch packet of documentation about "HIV/AIDS", and wrote to him.

That article is precisely the paper I mentioned. I also mentioned the severe criticism to which this paper has been subjected, for instance, the "Re-analysis of the San Francisco Men's Health Study" by Duesberg-Ellison-Downey (Genetica 95, 1993), but you gave and give no indication of knowing about this. I discuss the Ascher et al paper, published as a "Commentary" in Nature, explicitly over 6 pages in my book Challenges pp. 642-648. I enclose this book which has a 114 page chapter on "HIV/AIDS".

The Ascher et al paper was not, as you state, a "probability sample of single men in SF". It was a biased sample because, as the paper itself states, it was drawn "from neighborhoods of San Francisco where the AIDS epidemic had been most intense before 1984". This area is the Castro district, where two things occur simultaneously: homosexuality and drug taking (especially poppers). Misrepresenting as you do has occurred before, e.g. in the press release by Nature concerning the "Commentary", and in an article by Gina Kolata (New York Times 11 March 1993). I report on this matter in my book pp. 642, 643, 644.

Also note Richard Strohman's letter to the editors of the SF Chronicle (never published), concerning the defects of the Ascher et al paper, quoted in full in Challenges, and the exchange between Strohman and Winkelstein in the Daily Cal. I reproduce here a few lines from Strohman's letter to the Chronicle (cf. p. 644).

Under the circumstances, I cannot go along with your statement at the lunch table that the paper is "incontrovertible", nor with your assertion: "The data is, in my mind, conclusive about the role of HIV as compared to drug use."

_________________

I did not get an answer to the above letter to Jewell, and I wrote to him again. I mentioned that I had recorded some objections to the Ascher et al paper in Challenges. The part specifically on Ascher et al occurs on pp. 642-648. I then wrote further that in this second letter I want to go into another objection directly addressed to his comments about the data and the percentages he mentions, and his "conclusive" conclusion.

But, as I relate on pp. 624-626 of Challenges, on 23 and 24 May 1994 the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) sponsored a meeting in Rockville MD on the toxic effects of nitrite inhalants. The 12 August 1994 issue of Biotechnology reported on this meeting under the headline: "NIH reconsiders nitrites' link to AIDS." The article, by John Lauritsen, stated among other things:

Thus I raise the questions:

1. Did you analyze the data, which you call "conclusive", to see whether it reflects the same "dose-response" relation between nitrite use (poppers) and HIV? If not, why not? Was it just as in Jacobson's case, that you never looked at the data in this way?

2. What is the correlation between the death rate and years of nitrite use in the data on which you base your "conclusive" evaluation?

3. Did your "mind" take into account the possibility of a dose-response relation between nitrite use and HIV positivity? "Causality" may be too strong a word, or may not be well-defined. Let's say "dose-response" means HIV is a marker for nitrite use, possibly quantitatively as well as qualitatively.

As mentioned p. 643 of Challenges, the re-analysis of the San Francisco Men's Health Study by Ellison, Downey and Duesberg (Genetica 95, 1995, [EDD 96]) already raised the objection that the Ascher et al analysis "suffered several fatal flaws", among which "failing to quantify total drug use over time". Lacking such quantification, it is impossible to tell whether the data you invoke (from the Ascher et al article and the SF Men's Health Study) shows a progression (dose-response) similar to that found in the MACS study ten years ago. So I don't see what's "conclusive" about such data.

________________

In addition to these comments to Jewell, note that the re-analysis [EDD 96] mentioned above found that 100% of the sick men in the sample had used nitrites, while 83% were HIV positive. In the present context, I recommend that the reader also look at the Hellerstein et al article [Hel 99] and my comments on it in [Lan 99].

I did not get an answer from Jewell.

I cc'ed my letters to Jewell to the chair and vice chair of the UCB Statistics Department, and brought to their attention the articles by Helen Lauer mentioned above in §5. I also gave them my 1-inch packet of documentation on "HIV/AIDS". No responses.

So what are our responsibilities? There is no universal criterion to determine them. Within the academic and scientific communities we are in different positions with different commitments: undergraduates, graduates, professors, directors of various institutes and programs, administrators, journalists at the Daily Cal...

As for educational responsibilities, do the universities teach that in interpreting data, or extrapolating data, there always exists a pitfall that we have overlooked some essential conditions which would affect our interpretation? I have given concrete examples in my letters to Jewell, in the analysis by Malan of UNAIDS and WHO so-called "statistics", and in mentioning the question whether HIV is a "yellow finger".

On the issue of HIV pathogenesis, I confronted various higher ups in the past, for instance the Lancet editor Richard Horton. He wrote a long review article for New York Review of Books (23 May 1996) about some of Duesberg's publications. On the whole Horton's selectivity did not properly allow readers to evaluate (a) the books under review; (b) the relative merits of hypotheses competing with the orthodoxy; (c) the positions of a number of scientists who have challenged the orthodoxy. Cf. my detailed analysis in Challenges pp. 699-713. I wrote a critical analysis of Horton's review, but both NYR and Horton for the Lancet refused to publish it. Cf. Challenges. In his article, Horton did state without fudging that "the ideological assassination that Duesberg has undergone will remain an embarrassing testament of the reactionary tendencies of modern science...". Still, he spoiled the effect of this sentence in a subsequent exchange with Duesberg in NYR (8 August 1996), where he wrote:

Evaluating this rhetorical thrust is fundamental to scientific standards. The thrust transforms what could remain a legitimate exchange about the evidence into an ad hominem attack, and thereby contravenes fundamental scientific standards. I object to replacing questions about what's the evidence with questions about beliefs. For a longer discussion of this thrust, see Challenges pp. 707-708. What will be the ultimate evaluation of such a thrust by the scientific and academic community?

I also confronted Donald Green, Director of the Institute for Policy Studies at Yale. The Yale AIDS program is under the aegis of this Institute. I gave him my packet of "HIV/AIDS" documentation. He used the same ad hominem thrust as Horton. He said: "If you are so sure about HIV being harmless, why don't you inject yourself with HIV?" After such a thrust, it becomes difficult if not impossible to go further in discussing the validity of the orthodox position, or of my documentation concerning HIV pathogenesis. I regard this thrust as a major failure of intellectual, scientific, and professional responsibility.

David Baltimore, currently President of Caltech, is quoted in the article "AAAS criticized over AIDS skeptics' meeting" (Nature 369, 1994, p. 265): "There is no question at all that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Anyone who gets up publicly and says the opposite is encouraging people to risk their lives." Thus Baltimore has a quite different notion of responsibilities from Duesberg or me. There is indeed a question whether HIV is pathogenic. Is it responsible to withhold evidence on this question, and to stake the credibility of the scientific-academic establishment in the opposite direction? Besides, by covering up the toxicity of anti-HIV drugs for many years, and promoting the dogma of HIV pathogenesis, while not warning certain social groups that poppers are dangerous to their health and lives, scientists-academics such as Baltimore make a prejudicial choice which does not properly allow people to exercise judgment about what does constitute risks to their lives.

There is also the question whether some relevant or significant facts have been disregarded in the laboratory, in the classroom, on the public platform, and in the media. So we come to:

"Encouraging" to whom? How much do they know of what? Was the author of this Daily Cal article aware of the documentation in the packet I gave to the editor at the beginning of the fall term? Did the editors process the information in the packet? Did they ask the "lead coordinator of the event" to comment on this documentation? In any case, the Daily Cal article on World AIDS Day Event just reinforced the conditioning stemming from the orthodoxy in giving social and journalistic approval to those students following this orthodoxy.

Professor's Controversial AIDS Theory Leaves Him Isolated

Professionally and Personally

The article gives a correct picture of the way Duesberg has been ostracized (personally, scientifically, financially). However, the article biases the issues by reporting beliefs rather than documentation and facts, for instance: "[Duesberg] has been called anti-gay, even been called a mass-murderer for his role in persuading South African President Thabo Mbeki to ban the AIDS treatment drugs AZT and Nevirapine from rape victims and pregnant women. Duesberg believes these drugs are killers worse than the disease they are meant to treat." But once more, it's not a matter of what Duesberg believes! In §2 we have seen that many people knew of this toxicity, including the German-Swiss doctors publishing in Continuum last decade, and the New Scientist describing the "humiliating U-turn" of the U.S. biomedical establishment in 2000-2001. We have also seen that the NIH top establishment covered up the toxicity of drugs such as Nevirapine while sending it to Africa. It's ironic that the AP-Solomon article on this matter occurred four days after the appearance of Wittmeyer's Daily Cal article.

Wittmeyer goes on to quote Art Reingold, an epidemiologist in the UC School of Public Health:

At this point, Duesberg told me that the Daily Cal did not report properly what he actually told the reporter, and what he and others actually published concerning what they find to be the causes of what is called "AIDS". Among other things, Duesberg warns against the toxicity of drugs, from poppers to AZT and Nevirapine. But the reporter uses her own tendentious expressions: "The tattered immune system of AIDS patients is a result of unhealthy lifestyles and living conditions..." to describe Duesberg's position. Duesberg told me that these expressions do not properly represent what he told Alicia Wittmeyer, although they are common in publications about him. Indeed, what does "unhealthy lifestyles" mean? Many articles about Duesberg have falsely created a context when he is represented as anti-gay. "Unhealthy lifestyles" can be interpreted as homosexuality and sexual transmission of a harmful virus, or it can be interpreted as taking certain recreational drugs such as poppers, for instance. Duesberg's warning about drugs is not anti-gay or homophobic, any more than the warning of the German-Swiss doctors, or that of Continuum. With its tendentious selectivity and ambiguous wording "unhealthy lifestyles", the Daily Cal does not make Duesberg's position clear, and also reinforces impressions that Duesberg does not have a credible scientific explanation for the various epidemics of what has been called "AIDS", which is false; see [DueKR 03], for instance.

Furthermore, the way Reingold is quoted gives no explanation whatsoever on what grounds Reingold charges Duesberg of being scientifically "wrong", what his "error" is, and what's the "damage" he has done. The reporter gives no further explanation of what these words mean. As Duesberg told me:

Of course, it's not just what Duesberg told me - as the documentation in §2 shows, including the "humiliating U-turn" reported by the New Scientist. In the present article I have brought to your attention not only the toxicity of anti-HIV drugs, and the evaluation of this toxicity from several quarters, but also concrete defects in purportedly scientific articles; cf. Strohman's evaluation of the Ascher et al paper [ASWV 93], my questions about the Jewell endorsement of the incomplete and inadequate data from this paper, the lack of answers to specific questions, the paradoxes (incompatibility with empirical evidence), among other items which I have mentioned. I have been concrete. The Daily Cal-Wittmeyer article does not mention the existence of any such concrete documentation, although I gave it to the editors early in the term, and it triggered the process leading to the article on Duesberg.

Nor does that article mention any other scientist who has also questioned the "HIV/AIDS" orthodoxy besides Duesberg. It lets Reingold's figure of "99.99 percent" stand without comment. However, a number of such scientists contributed articles to the Kluwer collection Aids: Virus- or Drug Induced [Due 96a], such as Harry Haverkos (National Institute on Drug Abuse) and Peter Drotman (CDC), Kary Mullis (Chemistry Nobel Prize for PCR test), Gordon Stewart (Emeritus Professor of Public Health, University of Glasgow), the Perth group in Australia from the Royal Perth Hospital and the University of Western Australia (Papadopoulos, Turner, Papadimitriou, Causer, Hedland-Thomas, Page). There are variations in the ways these express their dissent from the HIV/AIDS orthodoxy. Walter Gilbert (Harvard, Nobel Prize in Chemistry) has been quoted in the press in favor of debating the HIV pathogenesis issue [Due 96b] pp. 236-238. Arthur Gottlieb M.D., Chair of the Department of Microbiology/Immunology at Tulane, provided a statement at the end of the chapter on HIV/AIDS in Challenges, p. 714, stating in part:

See also the list of professionals, hundreds from all over the world, compiled over the years as part of Rethinking Aids [Crowe], as well as articles by A. Liversidge and D. Rasnick on [Mam 04]. Thus the Daily Cal made Duesberg seem even more isolated than he actually is.

I object.

At the moment, we are at an impasse. The dissent is growing. For an example coming from a source quite different from the sources that I have already mentioned, see "Closing Ranks: AIDS Heresy In The Viricentric Universe" by the well-known science fiction writer James P. Hogan [Hog 04]. Other mass appeal publications of AIDS heresy are in the works presently. However, it's not clear if or when the dissent will reach a critical mass sufficient to unravel the orthodoxy. I hope the present advertisement helps to inform, as distinguished from conditioning or manipulating people about the issues concerning "HIV/AIDS".

Given the present psychological, social, political conditions surrounding "HIV/AIDS", I see no way for people to arrive at independent evaluations without doing individual homework. I regard it as a sad state of affairs when universities (including Yale and UC) do not provide natural academic forums which would make advertisements in the Daily Cal unnecessary for an issue of global interest. It is also sad to see the high schools transformed into conditioning centers for the orthodoxy on "HIV/AIDS".

In §6, we have seen examples of the way universities fail in their educational responsibility in significant cases. I have met my responsibility in publicizing information about where to look to get evidence against the orthodox position on "HIV/AIDS". It's your responsibility to decide if and when to do homework to develop your own independent evaluation of this evidence.

[ANC 02] AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS web site, Response to Former President

Jimmy Carter..., http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/2002/pr0310.html

[ANC 04] HEALTH - Nevirapine, drugs & African guinea pigs,

ANC Today Vol. 4 No. 50, 17-23 December 2004) http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/anctoday/2004/at50.htm#art1

[ASAKB 95] M. ASCHER, H. SHEPPARD, R. ANDERSON, J. KROWKA, H. BREMERMANN,

Paradox remains, letter to Nature 375 (18 May 1995) p. 196

[ASWV 93] ASCHER, SHEPPARD, WINKELSTEIN and VITTINGHOFF, Does drug use cause AIDS?,

Nature 362 (1993) pp. 103-104

[CAU 88] Confronting AIDS Update, Institute of Medicine, 1988, pp. 207, 208.

Quote from p. 207: "The following revised case definition for surveillance of

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was developed by CDC in

collaboration with public health and clinical specialists..."

[CDC 92] Center for Disease Control publication Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep. 41, No. RR17 (1 Dec 1992),

giving "the revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS..."

[Ceck 04] E. CECK, Activists and researchers rally behind Aids drug for mothers,

Nature 432 (23 Dec 2004) p. 935

[Crowe] Website: http://aras.ab.ca/thelist.htm

[Due 95] P. DUESBERG, Infectious AIDS - Have We Been Misled?,

North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, Calif. 1995

[Due 96a] P. DUESBERG editor, AIDS: Virus-or Drug induced?

Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers (1996)

[Due 96b] P. DUESBERG, Inventing the AIDS Virus, Regnery Publishing Inc. 1996

[DueKR 03] P. DUESBERG, C. KOHNLEIN, D. RASNICK, The chemical bases of the various AIDS

epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition, J. Biosc. 28 No. 4 (June 2003) pp. 383-412 (Indian Academy of Sciences)

http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosc/jun2003/383.htm

[Dur 81] D. T. DURACK, Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men;

N. Engl. J. Med. 305 (1981) pp. 1465-1467

[EDD 96] B. ELLISON, A. DOWNEY, P. DUESBERG, HIV as a surrogate marker for drug use:

a re-analysis of the San Francisco Men's Health Study, in [Due 96a] pp. 97-104

[Far 04] C. FARBER, Grade four event, New York Press, 29 Dec 2004 - 4 Jan 2005

[HHS 96] HHS Surveillance Report, HHS and CDC, National Center for HIV, STD,

and TB prevention, Atlanta Georgia 30333

[HKLLS 98] A. HÄSSIG M.D., H. KREMER M.D., S. LANKA PhD, W-X LIANG M.D.,

K. STÄMPFLI M.D., 15 years of AIDS, Continuum (1998) pp. 32-37

[Hel 99] HELLERSTEIN et al, Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal

and HIV-1-infected humans, Nature Medicine Vol. 5 No. 1 (1999) pp. 83-89

[Ho 95] HO et al., Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection,

Nature 373 (1995) pp. 13-126

[Hog 04] J. P. HOGAN, Closing Ranks: AIDS Heresy In The Viricentric Universe,

Section Six in Kicking the Sacred Cow, Baen Publishing Enterprises, 2004.

See also: http://www.jamesphogan.com/bb/content/12803.shtml

[KLH 96] H. KREMER M.D., S. LANKA PhD, A. HÄSSIG M.D., AIDS: Death by Prescription,

Continuum, July-August 1996

[Lan 94] S. LANG, HIV and AIDS: Have We Been Misled?, Yale Scientific (1994), pp. 8-23

(This article is reproduced updated in [Lan 98] and [Due 96a].)

[Lan 95] S. LANG, To Fund or Not to Fund, That is the Question. To Inform or Not to Inform, That is Another Question, Proposed experiments on the drug-AIDS hypothesis,

Yale Scientific (Winter 1995) pp. 15-21 (Reproduced in [Due 96a], [Lan 98], [Lau 04b])

[Lan 98] S. LANG, Challenges, Springer Verlag 1998

[Lan 99] S. LANG, The case of HIV: We have been misled, Yale Scientific (Spring 1999) pp. 9-19

(Reproduced in [Lau 04b] and [Mam 04].)

[Lau 03], [Lau 04a] HELEN LAUER, articles in The Statesman, on HIV/AIDS, for instance in 2003:

September, October, November; and 2004: June (two articles)

[Lau 04b] HELEN LAUER editor, History and Philosophy of Science for African Undergraduates,

Hope Publications, Ibadan, Nigeria. This book is a collection of essays and articles.

Several of Lang's articles on "HIV/AIDS" are reproduced pp. 47-74, including

[Lan 95], [Lan 99], and a letter to the editors of Scientific American, which was not

previously published.

[Laur 90] J. LAURITSEN, Poison by Prescription : The AZT Story, Asklepios Pub. 1990

[Mal 01] R. MALAN, Aids in Africa, Rolling Stone (22 November 2001) pp. 70-102

[Mal 02] R. MALAN, Megadeath and Megahype, San Francisco Chronicle INSIGHT (Ideas, Opinions and Commentary) pp. D1, D6, 6 January 2002

[Mal 03] R. MALAN, Africa isn't dying of Aids, The Spectator (27 December 2003), cover story

[Mam 04] M. MAMONE-CAPRIA, "Science and Democracy" website: www.dipmat.unipg.it/~mamone/sci-dem

[McN 04] D. McNEIL Jr, Furor in Africa over drug for women with H.I.V.,

New York Times 23 Dec 2004 p. A12

[NIAID] "FACT SHEET" from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,

Office of Communications, "The evidence that HIV causes AIDS",

http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/evidhiv.htm

[NS 00] NO MORE COCKTAILS, New Scientist (16 Dec 2000) p. 7

[Roe 98] M. ROEDERER, Getting to the HAART of T cell dynamics, Nature Medicine (4 No. 2)

February 1998 pp. 145-146; see also his article in [Lau 04]

[SFC] San Francisco Chronicle:

[SFC 04a] Daily multivitamins found to cut AIDS risk in half, 1 July 2004, p. A7

[SFC 04b] U.N. Aids Report: 3 million dead, $6.1 billion Spent in 2004, 24 November 2004, p. A3

[SFC 04c] U.S. officials were warned of risk posed by Aids drug, 14 December 2004 p. A4

[SFC 04d] Aids Chief removed critical data on key drug, 15 December 2004 p. A9

[SFC 04e] AIDS drugs probably killed woman - healh officials knew of risks -

Experimental medicines given despite signs of liver failure, 16 December 2004 p. A8

[SFC 04f] AIDS drug debate creates fear of restrictions in Africa - Activists, doctors think governments

may prohibit use, 17 December 2004, p. A23

[SFC 04g] U.S. accused of AIDS drug conspiracy, 18 December 2004, p. A7

[Sol 04] J. SOLOMON, Top U.S. officials warned of concerns before AIDS drug sent to Africa, AP Exclusive,

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive /2004/12/13/financial1428EST0168.DTL&type=printable

[Str 99] R. STROHMAN, The University and Corporate Biotechnology,

Daily Cal (1 April 1999) p. 5. Subtitle: These days profit margins and

epistemology direct university research

[Wei 95] WEI et al., Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection,

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Posted: March 1, 2005